Degenerative disc disease describes the structural alterations of the intervertebral discs that normally occur with aging. The degeneration of the discs is commonly diagnosed over the age of 40, with an increasing incidence as the age advances. It occurs equally in both genders but men demonstrate the disease at a younger age.

In healthy and young spinal columns, the intervertebral discs that are found in between two vertebrae demonstrate an inner gelatinous and well – hydrated layer, called the nucleus pulposus, which is surrounded by an outer and tougher cartilaginous layer, the annulus fibrosus. The disc functions as a cushion between the vertebrae to prevent them from rubbing against each other, and consequently, preventing the further deterioration of the vertebrae. The disc, as a cushion, absorbs the many mechanical stresses that are continuously applied to our spine. This is probably one of the many reasons why the disc demonstrates significant damage and deterioration during aging. As we age, the discs degenerate as a result of the wear and tear of the joints. The well – hydrated nucleus pulposus loses water, decreasing their ability to function as a cushion. The disc thins, increasing the risk for herniation. If herniation does occur, the spinal nerves are compressed, causing back pains and muscle spasms, depending on the location of the affected area. A degenerative disc in the cervical region, results in neck and arm pain. An affected disc in the lumbar region manifests with pain in the back, buttocks and leg. Neurological deficits, as manifested by numbness, tingling sensations and urinary and fecal incontinence, suggest a complication of spinal compression. Partial and complete obstruction of the nerve transmission to the bowel and bladder, as well as to the other vital organs in the body results in paralysis.

It is noteworthy to mention that the cartilage is easily damaged as age advances. The production of glucosamine, an important component in cartilage formation and repair, is decreased among the elderly. The vertebrae compensate to counteract the damages and changes in the skeletal system, only to advance the deterioration of the spine’s structure by formation of the bone projections, which causes narrowing of the spinal canal.

Degenerative Disc Treatment